Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities

• Gil J. B. Henriques ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Gil J. B. Henriques, Simon van Vliet

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: henriques@zoology.ubc.ca

  Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-3996

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• Simon van Vliet ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Gil J. B. Henriques, Simon van Vliet

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-483X

  ⨯
• Michael Doebeli

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-5710

  ⨯