About the Authors

Kexin Ma

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

Ningjing Wang

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

Zai Yang

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

Robert A. Cheke

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

R.A.Cheke@greenwich.ac.uk (RAC); biaotang@xjtu.edu.cn (BT)

Affiliations Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, School of Public Health, White City Campus, London, United Kingdom

Biao Tang

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

R.A.Cheke@greenwich.ac.uk (RAC); biaotang@xjtu.edu.cn (BT)

Affiliations School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China, The Interdisciplinary Research Center for Mathematics and Life Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.