About the Authors

Joshua M. Hess

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Richard K. Dzeng

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America

Iulian Ilieş

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Denis Schapiro

Roles Methodology, Conceptualization

Affiliations Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Translational Spatial Profiling Center, Heidelberg, Germany

John J. Iskra

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliations Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Mathematics, Emory & Henry University, Emory, Virginia, United States of America

Divya Mirgh

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

John Nam

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Erin H. Seeley

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America

David E. Verrill

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical & Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Walid M. Abdelmoula

Roles Methodology

Current address: Invicro, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael S. Regan

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Georgios Theocharidis

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation The Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chin Lee Wu

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Aristidis Veves

Roles Methodology, Investigation

Affiliation The Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nathalie Y. R. Agar

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ann E. Sluder

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mark C. Poznansky

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mpoznansky@mgh.harvard.edu (MCP); rsirbulescu@mgh.harvard.edu (RFS); patrick_reeves@hms.harvard.edu (PMR)

☯ MCP, RFS, and PMR contributed equally to and are co-corresponding authors for this manuscript

Affiliation Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ruxandra F. Sîrbulescu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mpoznansky@mgh.harvard.edu (MCP); rsirbulescu@mgh.harvard.edu (RFS); patrick_reeves@hms.harvard.edu (PMR)

☯ MCP, RFS, and PMR contributed equally to and are co-corresponding authors for this manuscript

Affiliations Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Patrick M. Reeves

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mpoznansky@mgh.harvard.edu (MCP); rsirbulescu@mgh.harvard.edu (RFS); patrick_reeves@hms.harvard.edu (PMR)

☯ MCP, RFS, and PMR contributed equally to and are co-corresponding authors for this manuscript

Affiliations Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: D.S. is a scientific consultant to Roche Glycart AG; none of these relationships are directly related to the topic of this study. R.F.S., P.M.R. and M.C.P. are scientific founders of PDTx and consultants to Ovation.io. R.F.S., J.M.H., P.M.R, and M.C.P. are authors on patent PCT/US21/48928 applied for by the General Hospital Corporation covering the described methods.