About the Authors

W. Zane Billings

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ahandel@uga.edu (AH); wesley.billings@uga.edu (WZB)

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Yang Ge

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Amanda L. Skarlupka

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vivli, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Savannah L. Miller

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Hayley Hemme

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Murphy John

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Natalie E. Dean

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Sarah Cobey

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Benjamin J. Cowling

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Ye Shen

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Ted M. Ross

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Florida Research & Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America

Andreas Handel

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ahandel@uga.edu (AH); wesley.billings@uga.edu (WZB)

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: BJC has consulted for AstraZeneca, Fosun Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Haleon, Moderna, Novavax, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi Pasteur. None of these companies were involved in the formulation of the study or the decision to publish or conduct the study. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.