About the Authors

Hongru Du

Contributed equally to this work with: Hongru Du, Matthew V. Zahn

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hongrudu@virginia.edu (HD); matthew.zahn@georgetown.edu, matthew.zahn@jhu.edu (MVZ)

Affiliations Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Matthew V. Zahn

Contributed equally to this work with: Hongru Du, Matthew V. Zahn

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hongrudu@virginia.edu (HD); matthew.zahn@georgetown.edu, matthew.zahn@jhu.edu (MVZ)

Affiliations Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Sara L. Loo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Tijs W. Alleman

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Shaun Truelove

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Bryan Patenaude

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Lauren M. Gardner

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Nicholas Papageorge

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Alison L. Hill

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.