About the Authors

Hojin Jang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hojin4671@korea.ac.kr (HJ); frank.tong@vanderbilt.edu (FT)

Affiliation Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

Frank Tong

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hojin4671@korea.ac.kr (HJ); frank.tong@vanderbilt.edu (FT)

Affiliation Department of Psychology and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: It should be noted that the noise-training methods used in this study were described in a patent issued with the U.S. patent and trademark office (Tong & Jang, 2021; patent #11,030,487).