Comparison of FORCE trained spiking and rate neural networks shows spiking networks learn slowly with noisy, cross-trial firing rates

Thomas Robert Newton; Wilten Nicola

doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013224

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Comparison of FORCE trained spiking and rate neural networks shows spiking networks learn slowly with noisy, cross-trial firing rates

Thomas Robert Newton,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-6880

⨯
Wilten Nicola

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: wilten.nicola@ucalgary.ca

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-2899

⨯

Comparison of FORCE trained spiking and rate neural networks shows spiking networks learn slowly with noisy, cross-trial firing rates

Thomas Robert Newton,
Wilten Nicola

Published: July 21, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013224

About the Authors

Thomas Robert Newton

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-6880

Wilten Nicola

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: wilten.nicola@ucalgary.ca

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-2899

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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