About the Authors

Mai Chan Lau

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

☯ Contributed equally as co-first authors.

Affiliations Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore, Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jennifer Borowsky

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

☯ Contributed equally as co-first authors.

Affiliation Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia

Juha P. Väyrynen

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

☯ Contributed equally as co-first authors.

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Koichiro Haruki

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

☯ Contributed equally as co-first authors.

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Melissa Zhao

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andressa Dias Costa

Roles Data curation, Visualization

Affiliation Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Simeng Gu

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Annacarolina da Silva

Roles Data curation, Visualization

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tomotaka Ugai

Roles Data curation, Visualization

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kota Arima

Roles Data curation, Visualization

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Minh N. Nguyen

Roles Software

Affiliation Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore

Yasutoshi Takashima

Roles Data curation, Visualization

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joe Yeong

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, Integrative Biology for Theranostics, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore

David Tai

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore

Tsuyoshi Hamada

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jochen K. Lennerz

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation BostonGene; Waltham, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Charles S. Fuchs

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Catherine J. Wu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Shuji Ogino

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

sogino@bwh.harvard.edu (SO); janowak@bwh.harvard.edu (JAN)

‡ SO and JAN Contributed equally as co-last authors.

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jonathan A. Nowak

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

sogino@bwh.harvard.edu (SO); janowak@bwh.harvard.edu (JAN)

‡ SO and JAN Contributed equally as co-last authors.

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: C.S.F. is currently employed by Genentech, a subsidiary of Roche, and previously served as a consultant for Agios, Bain Capital, Bayer, Celgene, Dicerna, Five Prime Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Eli Lilly, Entrinsic Health, Genentech, KEW, Merck, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi, Taiho, and Unum Therapeutics. J.A.M. has also served as an advisor/consultant to Ignyta, Array Pharmaceutical, and Cota. J.A.N. receives research funding from Natera and serves as a consultant for Leica Biosystems. J.K.L. is currently employed by BostonGene and owns company’s stock options. D.T. reports receiving research support from Novartis, Sirtex, and Bristol Myers Squibb. D.T. reports having received honorarium as an advisor for Novartis, Celgene, Sirtex, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai, Ipsen, Bayer, and Bristol Myers Squibb.