About the Authors

Kwang Su Kim

Contributed equally to this work with: Kwang Su Kim, Masashi Iwamoto, Kosaku Kitagawa

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Scientific Computing, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea

Masashi Iwamoto

Contributed equally to this work with: Kwang Su Kim, Masashi Iwamoto, Kosaku Kitagawa

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Kosaku Kitagawa

Contributed equally to this work with: Kwang Su Kim, Masashi Iwamoto, Kosaku Kitagawa

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Hyeongki Park

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Sanae Hayashi

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Senko Tsukuda

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Takeshi Matsui

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

Masanori Atsukawa

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

Kentaro Matsuura

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan

Natthaya Chuaypen

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Pisit Tangkijvanich

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Lena Allweiss

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems partner sites, Germany

Takara Nishiyama

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Naotoshi Nakamura

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Yasuhisa Fujita

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Eiryo Kawakami

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program; RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Shinji Nakaoka

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Masamichi Muramatsu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Kazuyuki Aihara

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Takaji Wakita

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Alan S. Perelson

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Maura Dandri

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

Koichi Watashi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kwatashi@niid.go.jp (KW); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp (SI)

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Sciences, Chiba, Japan

Shingo Iwami

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kwatashi@niid.go.jp (KW); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp (SI)

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University,; Fukuoka, Japan, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan, Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Japan, Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan

Yasuhito Tanaka

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.