About the Authors

Andrew A. Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

chenandr@musc.edu

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America

Kelly Clark

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Blake E. Dewey

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Anna DuVal

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Nicole Pellegrini

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Govind Nair

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Youmna Jalkh

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

Samar Khalil

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

Jon Zurawski

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

Peter A. Calabresi

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Daniel S. Reich

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Rohit Bakshi

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Haochang Shou

Contributed equally to this work with: Haochang Shou, Russell T. Shinohara

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Russell T. Shinohara

Contributed equally to this work with: Haochang Shou, Russell T. Shinohara

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, and North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative

Competing Interests

RB has received consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and EMD Serono and research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, and Novartis. DSR has received research funding from Abata Therapeutics, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Vertex Pharmaceuticals, all unrelated to the current study. RTS receives consulting income from Octave Bioscience and compensation for scientific reviewing from the American Medical Association.