About the Authors

Robert Challen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

rob.challen@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Anastasia Chatzilena

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Qian

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Glenda Oben

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rachel Kwiatkowska

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, United Kingdom

Catherine Hyams

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Adam Finn

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova

Roles Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, United Kingdom

Leon Danon

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bristol Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Health Sciences and of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: CH is Principal Investigator and AF is the Chief Investigator of the AvonCAP study which is an investigator-led University of Bristol study funded by Pfizer https://www.bristol.ac.uk/translational-health-sciences/research/bcvc/research/avoncap-study/. RC, AC, GQ, GO, RK, and LD also receive research funding from Pfizer via the AvonCAP study. AF leads another project investigating transmission of respiratory bacteria in families jointly funded by Pfizer and the Gates Foundation. AF is a member of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI) pneumococcal subcommittee. Funding for the AvonCAP study was provided by Pfizer, however, the manuscript development and the analysis that is the subject of this manuscript were conducted independently of the AvonCAP study and Pfizer.