About the Authors

Thomas B. K. Watkins

Contributed equally to this work with: Thomas B. K. Watkins, Emma C. Colliver, Matthew R. Huska

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Emma C. Colliver

Contributed equally to this work with: Thomas B. K. Watkins, Emma C. Colliver, Matthew R. Huska

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Matthew R. Huska

Contributed equally to this work with: Thomas B. K. Watkins, Emma C. Colliver, Matthew R. Huska

Roles Methodology, Software

Current address: Genome Competence Center (MF1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany

Affiliation Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) Berlin, Germany

Tom L. Kaufmann

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations BIFOLD—Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) Berlin, Germany, Institute for Computational Cancer Biology (ICCB), Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Emilia L. Lim

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliations The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom

Cody B. Duncan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Computational Cancer Biology (ICCB), Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Kerstin Haase

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) of the MDC and Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Peter Van Loo

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Charles Swanton

Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom, Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom

Nicholas McGranahan

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nicholas.mcgranahan.10@ucl.ac.uk (NMG); roland.schwarz@uni-koeln.de (RFS)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom, Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom

Roland F. Schwarz

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nicholas.mcgranahan.10@ucl.ac.uk (NMG); roland.schwarz@uni-koeln.de (RFS)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Institute for Computational Cancer Biology (ICCB), Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, BIFOLD—Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) Berlin, Germany

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: CS acknowledges grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously Archer Dx, collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical, and Personalis; is an AstraZeneca advisory board member and chief investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is also co-chief investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s scientific advisory board; receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (also a scientific advisory board member), Bicycle Therapeutics (also a scientific advisory board member), Genentech, Medicxi, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR) formerly Roche Innovation Centre – Shanghai, Metabomed (until July 2022) and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute; has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Illumina, and Roche-Ventana; had stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies and GRAIL until June 2021, and currently has stock options in Epic Bioscience, Bicycle Therapeutics, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics; is listed as an inventor on a European patent application relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence (PCT/GB2017/053289), the patent has been licensed to commercial entities and, under his terms of employment, CS is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s); holds patents relating to targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), a US patent relating to detecting tumour mutations (PCT/US2017/28013), methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1) and both a European and US patent related to identifying insertion/deletion mutation targets (PCT/GB2018/051892) and is listed as a co-inventor on a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987) and is a named inventor on a provisional patent protection related to a ctDNA detection algorithm. NM has received consultancy fees and has stock options in Achilles Therapeutics. NM holds European patents relating to targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/ 059401), identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/ EP2016/071471), determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221). All other authors declare no competing interests.