About the Authors

Kosaku Kitagawa

Contributed equally to this work with: Kosaku Kitagawa, Kwang Su Kim

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Kwang Su Kim

Contributed equally to this work with: Kosaku Kitagawa, Kwang Su Kim

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Scientific Computing, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea

Masashi Iwamoto

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MI, SH and HP also contributed equally to this work. KW and SI also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Sanae Hayashi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft

‡ MI, SH and HP also contributed equally to this work. KW and SI also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Hyeongki Park

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

‡ MI, SH and HP also contributed equally to this work. KW and SI also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Takara Nishiyama

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Naotoshi Nakamura

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Yasuhisa Fujita

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Shinji Nakaoka

Roles Data curation, Methodology

Affiliation Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Kazuyuki Aihara

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Alan S. Perelson

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, United States of America

Lena Allweiss

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems partner sites, Germany

Maura Dandri

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems partner sites, Germany

Koichi Watashi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kwatashi@niid.go.jp (KW); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp (SI)

‡ MI, SH and HP also contributed equally to this work. KW and SI also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Sciences, Chiba, Japan

Yasuhito Tanaka

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Shingo Iwami

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kwatashi@niid.go.jp (KW); iwami.iblab@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp (SI)

‡ MI, SH and HP also contributed equally to this work. KW and SI also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Sciences, Chiba, Japan, Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University; Fukuoka, Japan, Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan, Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Japan, Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.