About the Authors

Martin Grunnill

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

grunnill@yorku.ca, m.d.grunnill@gmail.com (MG); wujh@yorku.ca (JW)

¤ Current address: Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, 8 The Chimneystack Rd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Affiliation Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Julien Arino

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Zachary McCarthy

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Laurent Coudeville

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Visualization

Affiliation Modeling, Epidemiology and Data Science (MEDS), Sanofi, Lyon, France

Edward W. Thommes

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology

Affiliations Modeling, Epidemiology and Data Science (MEDS), Sanofi, Lyon, France, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Amine Amiche

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sanofi, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abbas Ghasemi

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Lydia Bourouiba

Roles Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mohammadali Tofighi

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada, Disaster & Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada

Ali Asgary

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Disaster & Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada, York Emergency Mitigation, Response, Engagement and Governance Institute, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mortaza Baky-Haskuee

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Disaster & Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada

Jianhong Wu

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

grunnill@yorku.ca, m.d.grunnill@gmail.com (MG); wujh@yorku.ca (JW)

¤ Current address: Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, 8 The Chimneystack Rd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Affiliations Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, York Emergency Mitigation, Response, Engagement and Governance Institute, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: LC is a Sanofi employee and may hold stock options within Sanofi. EWT is a Sanofi employee and may hold stock options within Sanofi. AA is a Sanofi employee and may hold stock options within Sanofi.