About the Authors

Keith E. Kennedy

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy, TomaLab, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy

Antonio Uccelli

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy

Maria Cellerino

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy

Federico Ivaldi

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy

Paola Contini

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy

Raffaele De Palma

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa Italy

Hanne F. Harbo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Tone Berge

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway

Steffan D. Bos

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Einar A. Høgestøl

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Synne Brune-Ingebretsen

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliations Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Sigrid A. de Rodez Benavent

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Friedemann Paul

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Alexander U. Brandt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Priscilla Bäcker-Koduah

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Janina Behrens

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Joseph Kuchling

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Susanna Asseyer

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Michael Scheel

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Claudia Chien

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Hanna Zimmermann

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Seyedamirhosein Motamedi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Josef Kauer-Bonin

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

Julio Saez-Rodriguez

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Institute for Computational Biomedicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Melanie Rinas

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Institute for Computational Biomedicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Leonidas G. Alexopoulos

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations ProtATonce Ltd, Athens, Greece, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece

Magi Andorra

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Sara Llufriu

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Albert Saiz

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Yolanda Blanco

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Eloy Martinez-Heras

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Elisabeth Solana

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Elena H. Martinez-Lapiscina

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation

Affiliation Center of Neuroimmunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain

Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

jordi.g.ojalvo@upf.edu (JGO); pablo.villoslada@upf.edu (PV)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Pablo Villoslada

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jordi.g.ojalvo@upf.edu (JGO); pablo.villoslada@upf.edu (PV)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: KK reports no disclosures. NKdR reports no disclosures. AU received grants and contracts from FISM, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Fondazione Cariplo, Italian Ministry of Health, received honoraria, or consultation fees from Biogen, Roche, Teva, Merck, Genzyme, Novartis. FI reports no disclosures. MC reports no disclosures. HFH has received honoraria for lecturing or advice from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis and Sanofi. TB has received unrestricted research grants from Biogen and Sanofi-Genzyme. SDB reports no disclosures. EH received honoraria for lecturing and advisory board activity from Biogen, Merck and Sanofi-Genzyme and unrestricted research grant from Merck. SBI reports no disclosures. SAdRB reports no disclosures. FP received honoraria and research support from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Chugai, Merck Serono, Novartis, Genzyme, MedImmune, Shire, Teva, and serves on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, MedImmune, and Novartis. He has received funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Exc 257), Bundesministerium fu?r Bildung und Forschung (Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis), Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU Framework Program 7, National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the USA. AUB is named as inventor on multiple patents and patents pending owned by Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and/or University of California Irvine for visual computing-based motor function analysis, multiple sclerosis serum biomarkers, and retinal image analysis. He is cofounder and holds shares of Motognosis GmbH and Nocturne GmbH. He serves on the executive board and is Treasurer/Secretary of IMSVISUAL. He received research support from BMWi, BMBF, NIH ICTS, the Kathleen C. Moore Foundation and the Guthy- Jackson Charitable Foundation. Priscilla Ba?cker-Koduah is funded by the DFG Excellence grant to FP (DFG exc 257) and is a Junior scholar of the Einstein Foundation. CC received honoraria for speaking from Bayer and research funding from Novartis, unrelated to this study. SA received a conference grant from Celgene and honoraria for speaking from Alexion, Bayer and Roche. JB reports no disclosures. JSR declares funding from GSK & Sanofi and fees from Travere Therapeutics & Singularity Bio. MR reports no disclosures. LGA is founder and hold stocks at ProtATonce. MA is an employee of Hoffman-La Roche AG, yet this article is related to his activity at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. EHML is an employee of the European Medicines Agency (Human Medicines) since 16 April 2019, yet this article is related to her activity at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and consequently, it does not in any way represent the views of the Agency or its Committees. SL received compensation for consulting services and speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis, TEVA, Genzyme, Sanofi and Merck. AS received compensation for consulting services and speaker honoraria from Bayer-Schering, Merck- Serono, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Aventis, TEVA, Novartis and Roche. EMH reports no disclosures. Elisabeth Solana received travel reimbursement from Sanofi and ECTRIMS and reports personal fees from Roche Spain. IPV is currently an employee of UCB pharma, yet this article is related to her activity at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. She has received travel reimbursement from Roche Spain and Genzyme-Sanofi, European Academy of Neurology, and European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis for international and national meetings over the last 3 years; she holds a patent for an affordable eye-tracking system to measure eye movement in neurologic diseases, and she holds stock in Aura Innovative Robotics. JGO reports no disclosures. PV has received consultancy fees and held stocks from Accure Therapeutics SL, Attune Neurosciences Inc, Spiral Therapeutics Inc, QMenta Inc, CLight Inc, NeuroPrex Inc, StimuSIL and Adhera Health Inc