About the Authors

Xueer Chen

Contributed equally to this work with: Xueer Chen, Lujia Chen, Cornelius H. L. Kürten

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Lujia Chen

Contributed equally to this work with: Xueer Chen, Lujia Chen, Cornelius H. L. Kürten

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Cornelius H. L. Kürten

Contributed equally to this work with: Xueer Chen, Lujia Chen, Cornelius H. L. Kürten

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources

Affiliations Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Fattaneh Jabbari

Roles Methodology, Software

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Lazar Vujanovic

Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Ying Ding

Roles Methodology

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Binfeng Lu

Roles Data curation, Validation

Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Kevin Lu

Roles Data curation, Validation

Affiliation Williamsville North High School, Williamsville, New York, United States of America

Aditi Kulkarni

Roles Data curation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Tracy Tabib

Roles Resources

Affiliation Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Robert Lafyatis

Roles Resources

Affiliation Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Gregory F. Cooper

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gfc@pitt.edu (GFC); ferrrl@upmc.edu (RF); xinghua@pitt.edu (XL)

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Robert Ferris

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision

gfc@pitt.edu (GFC); ferrrl@upmc.edu (RF); xinghua@pitt.edu (XL)

Affiliations Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Xinghua Lu

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gfc@pitt.edu (GFC); ferrrl@upmc.edu (RF); xinghua@pitt.edu (XL)

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: XL is a founder and director of Deep Rx Inc.