About the Authors

Christopher E. Overton

Contributed equally to this work with: Christopher E. Overton, Luke Webb

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

christopher.overton@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Clinical data science unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Data, Analytics and Surveillance, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom

Luke Webb

Contributed equally to this work with: Christopher E. Overton, Luke Webb

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Uma Datta

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Care Quality Commission, London, United Kingdom

Mike Fursman

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Care Quality Commission, London, United Kingdom

Jo Hardstaff

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Iina Hiironen

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Karthik Paranthaman

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Heather Riley

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

James Sedgwick

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Julia Verne

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Adult Social Care Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom

Steve Willner

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliation Adult Social Care Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Lorenzo Pellis

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom

Ian Hall

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Clinical data science unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Emergency Preparedness, Health Protection Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.