About the Authors

Christopher E. Overton

Contributed equally to this work with: Christopher E. Overton, Lorenzo Pellis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

christopher.overton@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Infectious Disease Modelling, All Hazards Intelligence, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom

Lorenzo Pellis

Contributed equally to this work with: Christopher E. Overton, Lorenzo Pellis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom

Helena B. Stage

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, The Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany, The University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Francesca Scarabel

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom

Joshua Burton

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Christophe Fraser

Roles Writing – original draft

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ian Hall

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom, Emergency Preparedness, Health Protection Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom

Thomas A. House

Roles Methodology

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom, Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, IBM Research, Hartree Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom

Chris Jewell

Roles Methodology

Affiliation CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Anel Nurtay

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Filippo Pagani

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom, MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Katrina A. Lythgoe

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.