About the Authors

Nicolò Gozzi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Networks and Urban Systems Centre, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom

Matteo Chinazzi

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jessica T. Davis

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kunpeng Mu

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ana Pastore y Piontti

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marco Ajelli

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America

Nicola Perra

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Networks and Urban Systems Centre, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom, Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Alessandro Vespignani

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

a.vespignani@northeastern.edu

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: M.A. reports research funding from Seqirus, not related to COVID-19. No other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.