About the Authors

Deus Thindwa

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

deus.thindwa@gmail.com

Affiliations Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi

Nicole Wolter

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Amy Pinsent

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Aquarius Population Health, London, United Kingdom

Maimuna Carrim

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

John Ojal

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Geographic Medicine Centre, Kilifi, Kenya

Stefano Tempia

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, MassGenics, Duluth, Georgia, United States of America

Jocelyn Moyes

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

Meredith McMorrow

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jackie Kleynhans

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Anne von Gottberg

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Neil French

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

PHIRST group

Membership of the PHIRST group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Cheryl Cohen

Contributed equally to this work with: Cheryl Cohen, Stefan Flasche

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Stefan Flasche

Contributed equally to this work with: Cheryl Cohen, Stefan Flasche

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.