About the Authors

Himel Mallick

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ali Rahnavard

Roles Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America

Lauren J. McIver

Roles Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Siyuan Ma

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yancong Zhang

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Long H. Nguyen

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Timothy L. Tickle

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

George Weingart

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Boyu Ren

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Emma H. Schwager

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Suvo Chatterjee

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Kelsey N. Thompson

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeremy E. Wilkinson

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ayshwarya Subramanian

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yiren Lu

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ Unavailable

Affiliation Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Levi Waldron

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY School of Public Health, New York City, New York, United States of America

Joseph N. Paulson

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Product Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Eric A. Franzosa

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hector Corrada Bravo

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Curtis Huttenhower

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

chuttenh@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: CH is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Seres Therapeutics and Empress Therapeutics. The remaining authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Author Yiren Lu was unable to confirm their authorship contributions. On their behalf, the corresponding author has reported their contributions to the best of their knowledge.