About the Authors

Robert Hinch

Contributed equally to this work with: Robert Hinch, William J. M. Probert

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

robert.hinch@bdi.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

William J. M. Probert

Contributed equally to this work with: Robert Hinch, William J. M. Probert

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Anel Nurtay

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Michelle Kendall

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom

Chris Wymant

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Matthew Hall

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Katrina Lythgoe

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Ana Bulas Cruz

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Visualization

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Lele Zhao

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Andrea Stewart

Roles Project administration, Resources

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Luca Ferretti

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Daniel Montero

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation IBM United Kingdom, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

James Warren

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation IBM United Kingdom, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

Nicole Mather

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation IBM United Kingdom, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

Matthew Abueg

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation Google Research, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Neo Wu

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation Google Research, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Olivier Legat

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation Google Research, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Katie Bentley

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliations The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Department of Informatics, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom

Thomas Mead

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliations The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom, Department of Informatics, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom

Kelvin Van-Vuuren

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Dylan Feldner-Busztin

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

Tommaso Ristori

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anthony Finkelstein

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom

David G. Bonsall

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Lucie Abeler-Dörner

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Christophe Fraser

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: M.A., N.W., and O.L. are employees of Alphabet, Inc., a provider of the Exposure Notification System; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.