About the Authors

Chad R. Wells

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Youfang Cao

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America.

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

David P. Durham

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Siddappa N. Byrareddy

Roles Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America

Aftab A. Ansari

Roles Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Nancy H. Ruddle

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jeffrey P. Townsend

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Alison P. Galvani

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Alan S. Perelson

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

asp@lanl.gov

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.