About the Authors

Fred S. Lu

Contributed equally to this work with: Fred S. Lu, Andre T. Nguyen, Nicholas B. Link

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Andre T. Nguyen

Contributed equally to this work with: Fred S. Lu, Andre T. Nguyen, Nicholas B. Link

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Booz Allen Hamilton, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America

Nicholas B. Link

Contributed equally to this work with: Fred S. Lu, Andre T. Nguyen, Nicholas B. Link

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mathieu Molina

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jessica T. Davis

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Matteo Chinazzi

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Xinyue Xiong

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alessandro Vespignani

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mauricio Santillana

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

msantill@fas.harvard.edu

Affiliations Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: ML has provided advice on COVID-19 free of charge to Janssen, Astra-Zeneca, Pfizer, and COVAXX (United Biomedical), as well as to the nonprofit One Day Sooner. ML has received consulting income or honoraria from Merck, Pfizer, Bristol Meyers Squibb, and Sanofi, and institutional research support from Pfizer.