About the Authors

Edward M. Hill

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Edward.Hill@warwick.ac.uk

Affiliations Zeeman Institute: Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Stavros Petrou

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Simon de Lusignan

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom

Ivelina Yonova

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

Matt J. Keeling

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Zeeman Institute: Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Although not directly related to this study, SdeL has received funding through his University for membership of advisory boards for Sanofi and Sequirus, and funding for influenza vaccine studies from GSK and Seqirus. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.