About the Authors

Hao Ge

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

haoge@pku.edu.cn(HG); xie@chemistry.harvard.edu(XSX)

Affiliations Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R.China, Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research (BICMR), Peking University, Beijing, P.R.China

Pingping Wu

Roles Investigation, Software

Affiliation School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China

Hong Qian

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Xiaoliang Sunney Xie

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

haoge@pku.edu.cn(HG); xie@chemistry.harvard.edu(XSX)

Affiliations Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R.China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.