About the Authors

Jeffrey S. Seely

Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America

Matthew T. Kaufman

Affiliations Neurosciences Program,Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States of America

Stephen I. Ryu

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America

Krishna V. Shenoy

Affiliations Neurosciences Program,Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America

John P. Cunningham

Affiliations Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America, Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America

Mark M. Churchland

mc3502@columbia.edu

Affiliations Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America, David Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JSS JPC MMC. Performed the experiments: JSS JPC MTK MMC. Analyzed the data: JSS JPC MMC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MTK KVS SIR. Wrote the paper: JSS JPC MMC.