About the Authors

Jingtao Lu

Contributed equally to this work with: Jingtao Lu, Michael-Rock Goldsmith

Affiliation Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Michael-Rock Goldsmith

Contributed equally to this work with: Jingtao Lu, Michael-Rock Goldsmith

Current address: Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Christopher M. Grulke

grulke.chris@epa.gov (CMG); tan.cecilia@epa.gov (YMT)

Current address: Lockheed Martin, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel T. Chang

Current address: Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Raina D. Brooks

Current address: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Jeremy A. Leonard

Affiliation Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Martin B. Phillips

Current address: Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Affiliation Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America

Ethan D. Hypes

Affiliations National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

Matthew J. Fair

Affiliations National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America

Rogelio Tornero-Velez

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Jeffre Johnson

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America

Curtis C. Dary

Current address: Insiliconomics, Birchwood, Wisconsin, United States of America

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America

Yu-Mei Tan

grulke.chris@epa.gov (CMG); tan.cecilia@epa.gov (YMT)

Affiliation National Exposure Research Laboratory, US-Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MRG and DTC are employed by the Chemical Computing Group in Montreal, Canada, the publisher of the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has provided administrative review and approved this manuscript for publication. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency. The other authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JL MRG CMG DTC RDB JAL MBP EDH MJF JJ RTV CCD YMT. Analyzed the data: JL MRG CMG DTC RDB JAL MBP EDH MJF JJ RTV CCD YMT. Wrote the paper: JL MRG CMG DTC RDB JAL MBP EDH MJF JJ RTV CCD YMT.