About the Authors

Huijing Du

Affiliation Center for Complex Biological Systems and Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America

Qing Nie

qnie@math.uci.edu (QN); william.holmes@vanderbilt.edu (WRH)

Affiliation Center for Complex Biological Systems and Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America

William R. Holmes

qnie@math.uci.edu (QN); william.holmes@vanderbilt.edu (WRH)

Affiliations Center for Complex Biological Systems and Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HD, QN, WRH. Performed the experiments: HD. Analyzed the data: HD, QN, WRH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HD. Wrote the paper: HD, QN, WRH.