About the Authors

Erick A. Perez Alday

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Michael A. Colman

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Philip Langley

Affiliation School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

Timothy D. Butters

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Jonathan Higham

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Antony J. Workman

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Jules C. Hancox

Affiliations Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Henggui Zhang

henggui.zhang@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliations Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ. Performed the experiments: EAPA MAC PL TDB JH. Analyzed the data: HZ EAPA MAC PL TDB JH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HZ EAPA MAC PL TDB JH. Wrote the paper: HZ EAPA MAC PL TDB JH AJW JCH.