About the Authors

Patrick W. Sheppard

Contributed equally to this work with: Patrick W. Sheppard, Xiaoyun Sun

patrick.sheppard@bsse.ethz.ch

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland

Xiaoyun Sun

Contributed equally to this work with: Patrick W. Sheppard, Xiaoyun Sun

Affiliation Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Mustafa Khammash

MK and RGG also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Basel, Switzerland

Rona G. Giffard

MK and RGG also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PWS XS MK RGG. Performed the experiments: XS. Analyzed the data: PWS XS RGG MK. Wrote the paper: PWS XS RGG MK. Developed the model and performed the simulations: PWS.