About the Authors

Jia Chen

Affiliation Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at Peking University, Beijing, China

Haicen Yue

Affiliations Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at Peking University, Beijing, China, School of Physics and the State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China

Qi Ouyang

qi@pku.edu.cn

Affiliations Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at Peking University, Beijing, China, School of Physics and the State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: QO. Performed the experiments: JC HY. Analyzed the data: JC QO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JC HY. Wrote the paper: JC QO. Generated the theory, developed the computational models, and wrote the manuscript: QO. Designed the software and conducted the calculations: JC HY.