About the Authors

Charlotte Prévost

Affiliations Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

Daniel McNamee

Affiliation Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

Ryan K. Jessup

Affiliations Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, Department of Management Sciences, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas, United States of America

Peter Bossaerts

† These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

John P. O'Doherty

jdoherty@caltech.edu

Affiliations Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CP JPOD. Performed the experiments: CP. Analyzed the data: CP DM RKJ PB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PB. Wrote the paper: CP DM PB JPOD.