Figures
Abstract
Objective
To determine whether the pneumonia severity index (PSI) can predict in-hospital mortality for AECOPD patients and compare its usefulness with the CURB65 and BAP65 indexes to predict mortality.
Methods
Demographics, clinical signs and symptoms, comorbidities, and laboratory and radiographic findings of hospitalized AECOPD patients were obtained. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 scores were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 scores that could discriminate between non-survivors and survivors. To control for the confounding factor of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) regarding the mortality of AECOPD, subgroup analysis was performed when excluded patients who had met the criteria of IMV but who had not received the cure of IMV according to their wishes.
Results
During the in-hospital period, 73 patients died and 679 patients recovered. Age, PaO2<60 mmHg, pH < 7.35, PaCO2≥50 mmHg, nursing home residency, congestive heart failure, liver disease, sodium<130 mmol/L, lower FEV1% and altered mental status were risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of the PSI for death were 0.847 (95% CI: 0.799-0.895). The cut-off value was 116.5 with a sensitivity of 82.2% and a specificity of 77.6%. However, the AUCs of the CURB65 and BAP65 for death were only 0.744 (95% CI: 0.680-0.809) and 0.665 (95% CI: 0.594-0.736), respectively. Subgroup analysis also showed that the PSI score could predict the mortality of AECOPD patients with an AUC = 0.857 (95% CI: 0.802-0.913), with exclusion of the patients who met the criteria of IMV but who did not receive the cure of IMV.
Citation: Hu G, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Yu Y, Liang W, Ran P (2015) The Pneumonia Severity Index as a Predictor of In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133160
Editor: Grant Waterer, University of Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
Received: December 19, 2014; Accepted: June 23, 2015; Published: July 17, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was funded by the Guangzhou municipal health bureau scientific research fund (201102A213176) (URL: http://kjgl.gzmed.gov.cn/stmsres/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Episodes of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are the main cause of disease-related costs, morbidity, and mortality[1]. AECOPD is also the third leading cause of death in the world[2]. Therefore, tools that can reliably identify patients who are in the terminal stages of the disease are clinically desirable[3].
A risk marker that reflects the real-life clinical situation and identifies mortality risk in AECOPD patients is clinically desirable. Such a marker could be used to triage patients who require hospitalization versus those patients who require a lower level of health care[4]. An effective risk marker would also determine those in the high-risk group who require more intensive monitoring and care. With the exception of lung function decline, previous studies have reported several prognostic markers of COPD [5] [6–13]. In the setting of acute exacerbations, studies have also shown the prognostic value of COPD that included the frequency of exacerbations, hypercapnia and serum uric acid [13–22]. COPD patients have an increased prevalence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and depression compared with the general population[23]. Prospective studies have examined COPD comorbidities and mortality risk[24]. The meta-analysis by Aran[25] reported that twelve prognostic factors (age, male sex, low body mass index, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, confusion, long-term oxygen therapy, lower limb edema, Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Disease criteria stage 4, corpulmonale, acidemia, and an elevated plasma troponin level) were significantly associated with increased short-term mortality, indicating that these parameters may be useful to develop tools for the prediction of outcome in clinical practice. However, most of the studies that assessed the predictive role of markers contained too many exclusion criteria that do not reflect real life, thus limiting the usefulness of these markers. Additionally, most of the factors had been validated in only one study with no independent validation[25].
CURB65 (confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate>30/min, blood pressure systolic < 90 mm Hg and age > 65 years) and BAP65 (urea, confusion, heart rate, age > 65 years) were the most frequently studied scores[26–29]. However, the predictive value of existing scores was modest (area under the curve, 0.7–0.8), suggesting that more accurate prediction tools are needed[30].
The PSI prediction rule assigns points based on age, comorbidities, abnormal physical findings (such as a pulse ≥125/min or systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) and abnormal laboratory findings (such as a hematocrit <30%, partial pressure of arterial oxygen <60 mm Hg or blood glucose level ≥250 mg/dl (14 mmol/liter)) at presentation[31]. Yoon K Loke and colleagues[32] performed a meta-analysis to determine the ability of PSI to correctly predict mortality in patients with pneumonia, and showed that the PSI performed well at identifying patients with pneumonia who had a low risk of death[32]. Another system review[33] also showed that PSI could predict the 30 day mortality of CAP, with an area under the sROC curve of 0.8.
The PSI score reflects more comprehensively the real-life clinical situation, and it is an effective prognostic predictor for CAP. There is often considerable overlap in the clinical presentation of COPD exacerbation and pneumonia[28]. Additionally, many of the variables in the PSI system have been proven to be prognostic factors for AECOPD. However, to date, no study has assessed the prognostic value of the PSI score regarding the admission of AECOPD patients. Therefore, we investigated whether the PSI score could effectively predict in-hospital mortality in AECOPD patients and compared its usefulness with the CURB65 and BAP65 indexes to predict mortality.
Methods
Study design
The study was prospectively conducted at the third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, from July 2010 to May 2014. The diagnosis of AECOPD was supported by spirometric evidence of airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.70) when clinically stable[1]. Exacerbations were defined as dyspnea, cough or sputum purulence severe enough to warrant hospitalization[1] that were diagnosed by the admitting physicians. The inclusion criterion was COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization. The exclusion criteria were hospitalization for a reason other than AECOPD, a history of other respiratory illnesses such as penumoconiosis or interstitial lung disease,and AECOPD be triggered by pneumonia according to chest radiography. This study was observational, and treatment was given according to the patient's condition, which was not influenced by participation in the study. When the patients had the indication for noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV)[1], it was administered to the patients. Additionally, when there is a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)[1], it was administered to the patients according to their wishes, and a clear statement of the patients’ wishes was obtained. The primary end-point was in-hospital mortality. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocols were approved by the ethics committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participating patients.
Data collection
A questionnaire including the demographic data, comorbidities (history of the tumor, heart failure, liver disease and renal dysfunction) and physical examination (mental status, respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure and body temperature) was filled out by a respiratory medicine resident. Arterial blood gas analysis (partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH), as well as blood urea nitrogen, sodium, blood glucose and hematocrit levels were measured, within 4 h of admission. Confusion was assessed by the admitting clinician. The PSI scores were calculated using 20 items [31]. The prediction rule assigns points based on age, comorbidities, laboratory tests and abnormal physical findings[31].
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and proportions. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to identify independent variables associated with death. Differences between the groups were compared by chi-squared test for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables. To limit the number of events-per-variable, variables with a p-value <0.2 in univariate analysis were included in the logistic regression model[34]. A receiver operating curve (ROC) for predicting in-hospital mortality was calculated. To control the confounding factor of IMV for the mortality of AECOPD, a subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the value of PSI for the in-hospital mortality of AECOPD, with exclusion of the patients for whom IMV was not administered according to the patients wishes but who had met the criteria of IMV. The data were analyzed using a Stata statistical software package (Version 7.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). A two-sided p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics
Table 1 summarizes the baseline characteristics of the study population. There were 752 patients with AECOPD included in our cohort study. Overall, 132 patients (17.6%) had congestive heart failure, 128 (17.0%) had renal disease, 36 (4.8%) had liver disease, and 108 (14.4%) had cerebrovascular disease during their hospital stay. No patient had pleural effusion and a temperature <35°C or >40°C. A comparison between the survivors and deceased hospitalized patients is presented in Table 1. The patients who died were more likely to have renal disease, heart failure and liver disease. In addition, the patients who died were significantly more hypercapnic (PaCO2: 9.82±3.96 kpa) and older (80.53±9.36 years old) than the survivors (PaCO2: 6.38±2.36 kpa and 77.56±8.82 years old). The pH, PaO2, hematocrit and sodium levels were significantly lower in the non-survivors (pH: 7.26±0.16, PO2: 10.08±4.41 kpa, hematocrit: 35.58±7.27, sodium: 138.01±7.50 mmol/l) than in the survivors (pH: 7.38±0.06, PO2: 11.27±3.47 kpa, hematocrit: 38.08±5.67, sodium: 139.72±4.15 mmol/l). The plasma concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, respiratory rate and heart rate were higher in the non-survivors (BUN: 11.28±10.12 mmol/L, respiratory rate: 24.5±5.5/min, heart rate: 100.7±20.6/min) than in the survivors (BUN: 6.76±3.82 mmol/L, respiratory rate: 22.1±2.7/min, heart rate: 94.6±16.7/min). There were 49 patients who met the criteria of IMV; however, according to the patients’ wishes, there were only 24 patients who were treated by invasive mechanical ventilation. There were 38 patients who were treated by noninvasive mechanical ventilation. There were 17,9, and 19 patients died among those who were supported by noninvasive mechanical ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation and those who met the IMV criteria but did not receive IMV.
Risk factors for AECOPD
Univariate analyses (Table 2) and logistic regression analysis (Table 3) confirmed that a pH less than 7.35, PaCO2 not less than 50 mmHg, PaO2 less than 60 mmHg, nursing home residency status, congestive heart failure, liver disease, sodium<130 mmol/L, lower FEV1%, and altered mental status were risk factors of in-hospital death. Using univariate analysis, older age was not a risk factor for in-hospital death. However, logistic regression analysis confirmed that older age was a risk factor for in-hospital death.
ROC curves of PSI, CURB65, BAP65 for AECOPD death
In-hospital mortality according to the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 score is shown in Table 4. In-hospital mortality increased with the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 score. ROC curves were used to determine the cut-off values for the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 scores. The optimal values of the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 scores for predicting death were defined as the PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 scores with the largest sensitivity plus specificity for the curves. The PSI score had good discriminative capability for death with AUC of 0.847 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.799–0.895, P = 0.000), displaying good internal validity. A total score of 116.5 had a sensitivity of 82.2% and a specificity of 77.6% (Fig 1).
AUC: area under the ROC curve.
The CURB65 and BAP65 scores had some discriminative capability for death with AUCs of 0.744 (95% CI = 0.680–0.809, P = 0.000) and 0.665 (95% CI = 0.594–0.736, P = 0.000), respectively (Fig 1), indicating that PSI has a prognostic capacity superior to that of CURB65 and BAP65.
To control for the confounding factor of IMV regarding the mortality of AECOPD, we performed subgroup analysis to evaluate the discriminative capability of PSI, CURB65 and BAP65 for death in AECOPD. When the patients who met the criteria of IMV but who did not receive the cure of IMV were excluded, the PSI score also had good discriminative capability for death with an AUC = 0.857 (95% CI: 0.802–0.913, P = 0.000). A total score of 116.5 had a sensitivity of 82.1% and a specificity of 77.0% (Fig 2). The CURB65 and BAP65 scores also had some discriminative capability for death with AUCs of 0.745 (95% CI: 0.671–0.820, P = 0.000) and 0.685 (95% CI = 0.606–0.764, P = 0.000), respectively (Fig 2), also indicating that PSI has a prognostic capacity superior to that of CURB65 and BAP65.
AUC: area under the ROC curve; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation.
Mortality for the PSI and AECOPD scores
The entire cohort was divided into two groups according to the PSI score. There were 212 patients with a PSI score ≥116.5 and 540 patients with a PSI score <116.5. The in-hospital mortality for the PSI, CURB65, and BAP65 scores are shown in Tables 4 and 5, which show that the mortality increased with increasing PSI, CURB65, and BAP65 score. Compared with a PSI score <116.5, a PSI score ≥116.5 was an in-hospital mortality predictor (OR = 16.0, p < 0.05). The risk of in-hospital mortality increased with higher PSI scores.
Table 6 shows the subgroup analysis when the patients who met the criteria of IMV but who did not receive IMV were excluded. The subgroup analysis also showed the mortality increased with increasing PSI, CURB65, and BAP65 score.
Discussion
To our knowledge, the present study is the first to prospectively assess the usefulness of PSI scores in AECOPD patients and demonstrated that the PSI score obtained upon hospital admission was an in-hospital mortality predictor in these patients. This study revealed that the in-hospital mortality was 9.7%. The risk of in-hospital mortality was significantly different between the groups and increased with higher PSI scores. A PSI score >116.5 was a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR = 16, 95%CI: 8.37–32.51).
Our study showed that the PSI score had good discriminative capability for in-hospital death with an AUC of 0.860 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.816–0.903, P = 0.000). Our study also showed that CURB65 and BAP65 could discriminate in-hospital death with AUCs of 0.744 and 0.665, respectively. The latter finding indicates that CURB65 and BAP65 were less effective than PSI in predicting in-hospital mortality for AECOPD. Many studies have been performed to predict the mortality of AECOPD. As reported by Aran [30], 10 studies evaluated severity prediction tools specifically for outcome in COPD exacerbation. The area under the curve for these scores ranged from 0.68 for CRB-65 to 0.83 for a derived score by Roche and colleagues[4, 35]. Until now, the predictive value of the reported prediction tools was modest in predictive mortality, while the PSI score was a more robust predictor of mortality with more accurate prediction.
The PSI score could distinguish AECOPD patients with a high risk of short-term mortality from those in the low-risk group. According to the PSI score, the low-risk group may be considered for treatment at home, whereas the high-risk group may be require intensive hospital care. Our study demonstrated that the PSI score was an effective mortality predictor for acute COPD exacerbation, as was shown in previous cohorts with CAP[31].
The most common comorbidities observed in our study were congestive heart failure (17.55%), renal disease (17.02%), liver disease (5.05%), and cerebrovascular disease (14.36%). Mortality was also higher in the patients with congestive heart failure.
The association between COPD and cardiovascular disease is well documented in the literature and is a common cause of mortality in these patients[24, 36].
Research has reported that the presence of preexisting comorbidities and corpulmonale was associated with reduced survival for AECOPD patients[1]. Even in studies in which patients with severe comorbidities were excluded by design, a significant percentage of patients died of cardiovascular disease or cancer during the follow-up[29, 37]. Some studies have explored the prognostic markers of COPD[24, 29, 36–41], among which the CODEX index is useful in predicting survival and hospital readmissions at both 3 months and 1 year after hospital discharge for a COPD exacerbation[36]. However, because only a single study shows good performance characteristics of a score does not mean that this information will be useful or should be used in clinical practice. Some studies have reported that tools (such as CODEX[36], DOSE[42], and updated ADO indexes[43]) to predict mortality, but most of them have not been externally validated and implemented in clinical practice. One explanation was that there were too many inclusion and exclusion criteria. Another explanation was that the predictive value of existing scores was a modest predictor, not a strong predictor. A third explanation was that the tools included some subjective variable (for example, dyspnea was a subjective feeling).
Information from a marker that can predict the mortality for AECOPD would have several advantages. Although it may not improve the patient outcome, this information may facilitate discussions between clinicians, patients and their families and may be helpful for making management decisions. For service providers, they can assess the needs of different patient populations according to their severity information.
Our study has several limitations. First, we only assessed the role of the PSI score in in-hospital mortality for AECOPD; we did not explore the effect of the PSI score on the long-term mortality of COPD. Second, COPD includes many types of coexisting diseases, and some were not included in the PSI score, which may bias the effect of PSI on AECOPD mortality. Third, as a shortcoming of our study, we did not collect information concerning the history of exacerbation; thus, we cannot provide the information regarding exacerbation history because a study by Celli showed that a history of exacerbation was the best predictor of AECOPD [5], which could cause some bias. The fourth limitation was the sample selection. We only included inpatients admitted to the respiratory department, and these patients were thus more likely to be severely ill and aged. Our results were only from a single center with a modest number of patients; thus, to generalize our findings, further confirmation with larger numbers of patients and at other centers would be required.
Conclusion
In summary, the PSI score could predict in-hospital mortality for AECOPD patients requiring admission to the hospital, with a prognostic capacity superior to that of CURB65 and BAP65.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Data of the patients in the study.
NHR: nursing home resident; PaO2: partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; FEV1%: predicted forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1/FVC:forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity; CHF: congestive heart failure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; NIV: noninvasive mechanical ventilation; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; PSI: pneumonia severity index. NRIMVW:not received invasive mechanical ventilation according to the patient wish. Gender: 1 represent female,and 0 represeant male. For the the following item: Liver disease, CHF, Neoplastic disease, Cerebrovascular disease, Renal disease,NHR, Altered mental stutas, NIV, IMV,1 represent yes,0 represent no. NRIMVW:1 represent patient who have not received invasive mechanical ventilation according to the patient wish,0 represent other conditions. Outcome:1 meant death, 0 meant alive.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133160.s001
(XLSX)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: GH PR. Performed the experiments: GH YY WL. Analyzed the data: YZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GH YZ. Wrote the paper: GH YZ YW YY PR.
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