https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-2778
Figures
Abstract
Moore’s Law is approaching its end as transistors are scaled down to tens or few atoms per device, researchers are actively seeking for alternative approaches to leverage more-than-Moore nanoelectronics. Substituting the channel material of a field-effect transistors (FET) with silicene is foreseen as a viable approach for future transistor applications. In this study, we proposed a SPICE-compatible model for p-type (Aluminium) uniformly doped silicene FET for digital switching applications. The performance of the proposed device is benchmarked with various low-dimensional FETs in terms of their on-to-off current ratio, subthreshold swing and drain-induced barrier lowering. The results show that the proposed p-type silicene FET is comparable to most of the selected low-dimensional FET models. With its decent performance, the proposed SPICE-compatible model should be extended to the circuit-level simulation and beyond in future work.
Citation: Chuan MW, Riyadi MA, Hamzah A, Alias NE, Mohamed Sultan S, Lim CS, et al. (2022) Device performances analysis of p-type doped silicene-based field effect transistor using SPICE-compatible model. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0264483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264483
Editor: Talib Al-Ameri, University of Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: December 14, 2021; Accepted: February 12, 2022; Published: March 3, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Chuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All data are available within the paper and Supporting Information files.
Funding: 1.) Michael Tan Loong Peng - Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) of Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2021/STG07/UTM/02/3); The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2.) Munawar Agus Riyadi - World Class Research Universitas Diponegoro (WCRU) 2021 Grant no. 118-16/UN7.6.1/PP/2021; The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
In the modern lives, the computing power of digital devices has been improved by the technology innovations in the miniaturisation of semiconductor transistors [1]. The famous Moore’s Law will soon experience its fundamental limit because of various constraints in bulk silicon (Si) technology, especially in the sub-10-nm atomic scales [2–4]. Therefore, the more-than-Moore development of the alternative field-effect transistors (FETs) has attracted much attention in the nanoelectronic research communities. Numerous industrial and public funds and programmes were initiated globally to overcome these “roadblocks” for long-terms advances in computing technology beyond Moore’s Law [5].
Among the options in the more-than-Moore race, two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as the prospective contenders owing to their atomically thin structure. Following the success of graphene since 2004 [6], research activities regarding 2D materials are intensely stimulated. Until now, more than 1800 exfoliable 2D candidates are theoretically predicted based on density-functional theory (DFT) [7], among which silicene could play a major role in future transistors owing to its outstanding carrier mobility [8] and compatibility with the cutting-edge Si wafer technology [9]. Silicene was also shortlisted as a potential material for transistor miniaturisation in the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS) [10].
In 2015, Tao et al. [9] fabricated the first silicene-based transistor operating at room temperature. Moreover, silicene nanosheets have successfully been fabricated on various substrates in their buckled [11–13] and planar [14] forms. However, the deposition of silicene monolayers on metals substrates is less practical viable for transistor applications, as compared to the direct growth on insulating layers, such as dielectrics or oxides [15]. This shortcoming can be addressed by using computational modelling and simulation while waiting for the breakthrough in silicene-based fabrication techniques.
Concerning the computational models of silicene-based transistors [16, 17], rigorous efforts were invested by many groups of researchers. The absence of bandgap in pristine silicene did not halt its exploration for nanotransistor applications. In spite of the challenges, various bandgap engineering techniques have been explored, and such examples include confinement through silicene nanoribbons (SiNRs) [18–20], co-decoration [21], and doping [22–24]. Among the aforementioned techniques, doping is the most commonly employed technique in the semiconductor industry to alter the electronic properties [25]. Furthermore, the performance of SiNR FETs are sensitive to their device dimensions [20, 26]; and it is still a major challenge to precisely control the widths of nanoribbons even for the established graphene monolayers [27]. Therefore, a uniformly aluminium (Al) doped silicene monolayer was proposed to engineer the bandgap of silicene, producing the AlSi3 monolayer. In addition, a SPICE-compatible model was created to facilitate studies beyond the device-level simulation [28], such as the gate and logic levels.
Fig 1 shows the schematic diagrams of the proposed AlSi3 FET and the simplified top-of-the-barrier (ToB) nanotransistor circuit model. In this study, we developed of a SPICE-compatible model for the proposed AlSi3 FET from the ToB nanotransistor model and benchmarked its device performance metrics with other published low-dimensional transistor models. Section 2 describes the modelling procedures to obtain the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and the respective model evaluation methodology. Section 3 discusses the device performance of AlSi3 FET with respect to its close low-dimensional contenders. Finally, Section 4 includes the conclusion of this work and future work recommendation.
Schematic diagrams of AlSi3 FET: (a) the structure and (b) the ToB nanotransistor circuit model. The gate, drain and source terminal capacitances are denoted as CG, CD, and CS, respectively.
2. Methodology
This section describes the overall modelling procedures employed in this study, where the overall flowchart is shown in Fig 2.
2.1. ToB nanotransistor and SPICE models
The atomic structure of the AlSi3 monolayer (as shown in Fig 1) was adapted from published DFT study [29]. By using the derivation from time-independent Schrödinger equation [30], the electronic transport effective mass was then obtained by using nearest neighbour tight-binding (NNTB) model and parabolic band assumptions as and
for electrons and holes, respectively. The material-level modelling was shown in details in our previous work [22].
Table 1 summarises the device parameters of the AlSi3 FETs. In the ToB nanotransistor model [31], net induced mobile charge can be obtained by ΔP = (PS+PD)−P0 where PS and PD are the non-equilibrium charge densities at the source and drain terminals, respectively, and P0 is the equilibrium charge density. The self-consistent potential USCF at the ToB is obtained by using
(1)
where q is the constant for electric charge and the total terminal capacitances is expressed as CΣ = CG+CD+CS. Because the source terminal is always set to be zero, αS can be ignored. In an ideal FET, the perfect gate and drain control parameters αG = 1 and αD = 0 [18] are used to mimic the ideal I-V characteristics. However, the default gate and drain control parameters αG = 0.880 and αD = 0.035 [31] were used in this work.
Subsequently, the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of p-type AlSi3 FET can be obtained in terms of VDS and VGS, by employing Landauer-Büttiker ballistic transport equation [31] along with Fermi-Dirac integral solutions [32], given as
(2)
with the normalised energies of
(3)
(4)
for source and drain, respectively. In the equations, g is the degeneracy factor (set as 2 to include up and down spins); ℏ is the Planck’s constant; and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Fig 3(A) shows the I-V characteristics for AlSi3 FET produced by the ToB nanotransistor model.
I-V characteristics of AlSi3 FET simulated using (a) ToB nanotransistor model and (b) SPICE model.
Following that, the results from ToB nanotransistor were further used to create the SPICE model to allow cross-platform and non-iterative simulation. Moreover, SPICE models are one of the essential tools in the IC design industry for simulation [28]. Before creating the SPICE model, a non-linear regression model [33] was employed to fit the self-consistent potential USCF, given as
(5)
where the coefficients P{j}{k−j} for each respective |VGS|j|VDS|k−j term were computed and optimised using MATLAB curve fitting tool. By using the MATLAB Curve Fitting tool, it was found that the lower orders of polynomial equations fail to fit the USCF well and, as a result, are unable to reproduce accurate I-V characteristics. Therefore, the fifth-order polynomial equation (highest number of order available in the MATLAB Curve Fitting tool) is chosen although the resulting equation is slightly long. The expansion of Eq (5) and the respective coefficients P{j}{k−j} are attached along with the SPICE model library files in the S1 File. Fig 3(B) shows the I-V characteristics for AlSi3 FET produced by the SPICE model.
2.2. Model evaluation
In this subsection, a statistical method is employed to evaluate the accuracy of the SPICE model with respect to the ToB nanotransistor model for the proposed AlSi3 FET. The models were evaluated by using the normalised root-mean-square-deviations (RMSD) [29], given as
(6)
where N denotes the total number of data, pi and qi are the values of ith data for the ToB nanotransistor model and the SPICE model, respectively. Fig 4(A) shows the I-V characteristics combining the results of the ToB nanotransistor model and the SPICE model. The point-by-point differences to compute RMSD are plotted in Fig 4(B). Overall, 0.91% of RMSD is produced by the SPICE model when it is benchmarked with the results from the ToB nanotransistor model, indicating that the model has produced a decent fit.
The empty dots in (a) represent the results of the ToB nanotransistor model while the solid lines in (a) represent the results of the SPICE model.
3. Performances analysis and discussion
We can analyse the device performances by extracting the device metrics from the proposed p-type AlSi3 FET model. Fig 5 shows the graphical extraction approach to obtain on-to-off current (Ion/Ioff) ratio, subthreshold swing (SS), and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). The proposed AlSi3 FET produces an Ion/Ioff ratio of 2.6×105, a SS of 67.8 mV/dec, and a DIBL of 48.2 mV/V.
In this work, we compared our proposed p-type AlSi3 FET with respect to other low-dimensional FETs. We have selected other published works on low-dimensional FETs to fairly assess the device performance of the proposed AlSi3 FET. The selected published models include co-decorated SiNR FET [21], 27-ASiNR FET [20], Si nanowire (SiNW) FET [34], Si thin sheet FET [35], carbon nanotube (CNT) FET [36], graphene nanoribbon (GNR) FET [37], black phosphorene (BP) FET [38], and monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) FET [39]. To concisely compare the device performance metrics, the comparisons are presented as bar graphs as shown in Fig 6. Regarding the Ion/Ioff ratio, the performance of AlSi3 FET model is slightly inferior to 27-ASiNR FET [20] and MoS2 FET [39]. Regarding the SS, AlSi3 FET model is also slightly higher than the 27-ASiNR FET [20]. Concerning the DIBL, AlSi3 FET model is also outperformed by 27-ASiNR FET [20] and CNT FET [36]. However, the challenges remain owing to the fabrication compatibility of non-Si-based materials and the difficulty to precisely control the widths of nanoribbons [27, 40]. Therefore, the proposed AlSi3 FET model is still a prospective alternative for future nanotransistor applications.
NA (not available) in the bar graphs denotes the unavailable data.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, we have investigated a SPICE-compatible model for p-type uniformly Al-doped silicene FET. Following that, the device performance of the proposed model is compared with other published low-dimensional nanotransistors. Although the proposed silicene FET is slightly inferior to a few competitors, silicene-based FETs are still one of the potential ways for more-than-Moore nanoelectronic applications owing to its Si-based nature. This work can be extended by performing further circuit-level simulation beyond the transistor device level by using the proposed SPICE model.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) Malaysia, Research Management Centre (RMC) of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), School of Graduate Studies (SPS) of UTM, and Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) of Universitas Diponegoro for supporting international research collaborations and providing excellent and stimulating research environment.
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