Fig 1.
Investigated archaeological amphorae.
Fig 2.
GC-MS chromatogram for the pitch of SFC1.
A. represents the first extraction (1LE) and B. corresponds to 2LE-MW, the butylated second extraction. Total Ion Current (TIC) is black-colored. Red, blue and green colors refer to fragment ions searching (respectively m/z 147 (succinic and glutaric acids) and m/z 191; 253 (hydroxy- and oxo-abietanes) in 1LE and m/z 61; 101; 276; 296 (dibutylacetal pyruvate; dibutyl malate; dibutyl tartrate; butyl syringate in 2LE-MW).
Table 1.
Pollen grains recovered from the analyses of amphorae SFC1, SFC2 and SFC5.
Fig 3.
Vitis pollen in polar and equatorial view.
Pollen grains recovered from: A, B. Fossil sediments from Rignano Flaminio (18–22 μm); C, D. Surface of modern wild fruits of Vitis from Tivoli (20–24 μm); E, F. Pitch of amphora SFC1; G, H. Pitch of amphora SFC5; I, J. Pitch of amphora SFC2.
Fig 4.
Microscopic observation of (A) archaeological plant tissues trapped in the resin of SFC1; (B) filament from the stamen of a modern wild Vitis vinifera flower, and (C) ESEM observation of a transverse section of charred Pinus wood trapped in the SFC2 pitch. The white arrow indicates the resin canal.