Fig 1.
Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in nine countries.
Aggregate energy consumption (a) and per capita energy consumption (b), aggregate carbon emissions (c) and per capita carbon emissions (d), aggregate real GDP (e) and per capita real GDP (f).
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the aggregate data.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for the per capita data.
Fig 2.
The temporal trends of EC, CE and EG for France and Germany.
Fig 3.
Determining the optimal E of EC, CE, EG for France and Germany.
Fig 4.
The nonlinearity of EC, CE, EG for France and Germany.
Fig 5.
Causality between EC and CE for France and Germany.
Fig 6.
Causality between EC and EG for France and Germany.
Fig 7.
Causality between CE and EG for France and Germany.
Table 3.
Multispatial CCM test for the aggregate data.
Fig 8.
Clean energy as a proportion of primary energy.
Table 4.
Multispatial CCM test for per capita data.