Fig 1.
Comparison of different container types.
A) Sam’s Club® water bottle; B) Coca-Cola® bottle; C) polybag; D) modern container—Deepot™D27 –photo by O.Burney.
Fig 2.
Example of plastic bottle modifications using side slits as root spiraling control method–graphic by R.Heyduck.
Fig 3.
Plastic bottles used as alternative containers for seedling production–photo by R.Heyduck.
Table 1.
Mean estimates of shoot, root collar diameter (RCD), first-order lateral roots (FOLR), and overall root, and total tree morphological parameters for Arizona walnut seedlings in August and November sampling periods.
Table 2.
Mean estimates of shoot, root collar diameter (RCD), first-order lateral roots (FOLR), and overall root, and total tree morphological parameters for Afghan pine seedlings in August and November sampling periods.
Fig 4.
Arizona walnut seedling field relative height (A) and root collar diameter (B) growth (Means ± SE) following the first year of outplanting. Container types: Coca-Cola® bottles (Coke), DeepotTM D27 containers (D27), polyethylene polybags (Polybag), and Sam’s Club® bottles (Sams). Means (±SE) not accompanied by the same lowercase letters are significantly different (α = 0.05) according to Fisher’s LSD test.
Fig 5.
Afghan pine seedling field relative height (A) and root collar diameter (B) growth (Means ± SE) for seedlings grown in the nursery for one growing season in four container types: Coca-Cola® bottles (Coke), DeepotTM D27 containers (D27), polyethylene polybags (Polybag), and Sam’s Club® bottles (Sams). Means (±SE) not accompanied by the same lowercase letters are significantly different (α = 0.05) according to Fisher’s LSD test.
Fig 6.
Effects of root spiraling prevention method by opacity treatment combinations on algae growth on inner container walls.
The data were collected during the August 2013 destructive sampling period. The interaction between root spiraling prevention method and opacity treatments was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Abbreviations are: CB (control with black color), CC (control with clear color), CG (control with green color), RB (internal ridges with black color), RC (internal ridges with clear color), RG (internal ridges with green color), SB (side-slits with black color), SC (side-slits with clear color), and SG (side-slits with green color). Means (±SE) not accompanied by the same lowercase letters are significantly different (α = 0.05) according to Fisher’s LSD test.
Table 3.
Mean estimates of root spiraling prevention treatments on morphological parameters of shoot, root collar diameter (RCD), first-order lateral roots (FOLR), and overall root, and total tree morphological parameters for Afghan pine seedling in August and November sampling periods.
Table 4.
Mean estimates of container opacity treatments on morphological parameters of shoot, root collar diameter (RCD), first-order lateral roots (FOLR), and overall root, and total tree morphological parameters for Afghan pine seedling in August and November sampling periods.
Fig 7.
Afghan pine seedling field relative height (A) and diameter (B) growth based on the interaction between root spiraling prevention method and opacity treatments (P = 0.01). Abbreviations are: CB (control with black color), CC (control with clear color), CG (control with green color), RB (internal ridges with black color), RC (internal ridges with clear color), RG (internal ridges with green color), SB (side-slits with black color), SC (side-slits with clear color), and SG (side-slits with green color). Means (±SE) not accompanied by the same lowercase letters are significantly different (α = 0.05) according to Fisher’s LSD test. Relative growth was calculated based on the change in absolute height or diameter between final relative to the initial height or diameter of the seedling.