Fig 1.
Informal maps of Sulawesi and tarsier phylogenetic trees.
A) Malay Archipelago and distribution of extant tarsiers. Dotted lines: Western (Wallace Line, WL) and eastern boundary (Lydekker Line, LL) of the Wallacea region. Dashed line: Sunda Arc. B) Main tectonic sutures on Sulawesi [1]. Arrows point to topographically significant regions. C) Species ranges of distinct lineages. White continuous lines: Macaque and toad hybrid zones, white dotted lines: Toad ranges deviating from the nearest macaque hybrid zone [4]; Continuous black lines: Distribution of tarsier acoustic forms [9, 17], thick black lines and circle indicate the discontinuous range of T. wallacei [17], in black dotted areas, tarsier species boundaries are yet to be determined; White dashed line: population differentiation in a Sulawesian bat species, Thoopterus nigrescens [5]. D) Study sites on Sulawesi indicated by white dots (2001–2008; BAT: Batusuya; KAM: Kamarora; KOJ: Koja; LAO: Laone; MAK: Make; PEA: Peana; UWE: Uwemanje), black dots (2009–2010; BAN: Bantimurung; DUA: Duasaudara; KEN: Kendari; KOR: Korosule; LAB: Labanu; LUW: Luwuk; OGA: Ogatemuku) and coloured squares. Squares mark sites where only tarsier vocalizations were recorded (blue: T. dentatus-like, red: T. lariang-like). Colored labels mark populations with taxonomic affiliation (see color key at the top right). E) Time-calibrated multilocus Bayesian species tree with posterior probabilities (pp) above 0.5 for internal nodes and 95% confidence intervals on divergence time estimates indicated by grey node bars. Lower case letters correspond to node names in Table 2. Arrows at the time-scale point to the Sundaland/Sula-Spur collision at 23 MYA [1] and significant sea-level lowstands at 10 and 2.5 MYA [19].
Table 1.
Overview of individuals analyzed for five autosomal loci, the Cytb gene, and the SRY gene.
x: New sequences are printed in bold type, sequences obtained from previous studies appear in normal lettering.
Table 2.
Divergence time estimates and node support.
Fig 2.
A) Multilocus Bayesian species tree. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probability values above 0.5. B) Genealogy of ten SRY-haplotypes from 59 males. Node support values of Bayesian/maximum likelihood analyses above/below nodes represent posterior probabilities (pp) and bootstrap values (%), respectively. Numbers behind the population label/sampling site correspond to the number of males carrying the respective haplotype. Each terminal branch represents a distinct SRY haplotype.
Fig 3.
Shown are the statistical parsimony network based on 10 SRY-haplotypes obtained from 59 males and haplotype distribution on Sulawesi. The white circle indicates an inferred missing haplotype. Mutation steps are shown as hatch marks.
Fig 4.
Waves of dispersal and geographical distribution of Sulawesi tarsiers.
White and black arrows symbolize our proposed dispersal routes of the two lowland lineages on Sulawesi. The dotted pattern indicates a possible origin of the extant Sulawesi tarsier population that is unknown so far.