Table 1.
Pre-defined HLA genotype groups.
Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population according to HLA genotypea.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic diversity according to the ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1 status.
Phylogenetic diversity, an alpha diversity measure of bacterial richness, is shown according to carrier status of the AH8.1 haplotype (left), as well as the pre-defined HLA genotype groups (right, AH8.1 homozygotes, i.e. homozygosity for both HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03; AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. at least 1 copy of HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03; Non AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03 both not present. Non AH8.1 homozygotes, i.e. HLA-DRB1 homozygous but non AH8.1). There were no significant differences between the groups.
Fig 2.
Beta diversity according to the ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1 status.
A principal coordinate plot of the beta diversity measure unweighted unifrac shows all samples colored according to the HLA genotype groups. There were no significant differences between the groups. Yellow: AH8.1 homozygous, i.e. homozygosity for both HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03. Violet: AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. at least 1 copy of HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03. Turquoise: Non AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03 both not present. Grey: HLA-DRB1 homozygous but non AH8.1.
Fig 3.
Enterotype groups according to ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1 status.
The figure shows the individual samples as colored symbols according to their HLA genotype groups (see below) distributed according to similarity of their distribution of bacterial genera in a two-dimensional plot according to the methods by Arumugam et al. [34]. The samples were classified into three fractions, enterotypes, dominated by either Prevotella (blue), Bacteroides (green) or a mix of bacteria (red), where the colored square indicate the centre of the distribution of the enterotype, the straight lines connect the included samples and the colored ellipses cover the individuals near the center of gravity for each cluster (1.5σ). Bacterial taxa overrepresented in the corresponding enterotypes are listed. As evident from the symbol color of the individual dots, the different HLA genotype groups (see below) were not preferentially distributed to one particular enterotype fraction. Yellow diamonds: AH8.1 homozygotes, i.e. homozygosity for both HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03. Violet squares: AH8.1 heterozygous, i.e. at least 1 copy of HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03. Turquoise circles: Non AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03 both not present. Grey triangles: HLA-DRB1 homozygotes but non AH8.1.
Fig 4.
Genus level taxonomic distribution in 117 Norwegian stool samples according to ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1 status.
(A) The genus abundances sorted according to the relative abundance of Bacteroides, of n = 72 AH8.1 carriers (left) are shown compared with the n = 45 non-AH8.1 samples (right). In (B) the genus abundances are shown according to all four pre-defined genotype groups; Left: AH8.1 homozygotes, i.e. homozygosity for both HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03; Middle left: AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. at least 1 copy of HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03; Middle right: Non AH8.1 heterozygotes, i.e. HLA-B*08 and HLA-DRB1*03 both not present; Right: HLA-DRB1 homozygous but non AH8.1.
Table 3.
Bacterial taxa associated with being a carrier of the ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1.