Fig 1.
Possible qualitative cranial differences suggested from preliminary comparisons of topotypes of Mazama bricenii and M. rufina.
Top: topotype of Mazama bricenii from La Culata, Mérida, Venezuela (FMNH 20197); bottom: topotype of M. rufina from Volcán Pichincha, Pichincha, Ecuador (FMNH 44335). Both specimens are adult females. (A) Lacrimal fossa: narrower and substantially deeper in the specimen of M. bricenii than in that of M. rufina; (B) Frontal bones: slightly depressed anteriorly in the specimen of M. bricenii, but relatively straight in that of M. rufina. Illustrations by Megan Krol.
Fig 2.
Linear measurements used in descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistics.
See Materials and Methods for names and descriptions of measurements.
Fig 3.
Circles represent localities; numbers correspond to entries in S1 File. Progressively darker shading indicates areas with elevations of 1000–1500 m (pale gray) and above 1500 m (dark gray). Localities numbers 12 and 25 represent the type localities of Mazama rufina and M. bricenii, respectively.
Table 1.
Measurements of Mazama specimens from Venezuela and the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.
Table 2.
Measurements of Mazama specimens from the Cordillera Central of Colombia and Ecuador.
Table 3.
Results of the principal component analysis based on measurements of specimens of Mazama from the northern Andes.
Fig 4.
Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis of skull measurements of adult specimens of Mazama.
Solid and open symbols represent male and female specimens, respectively. Geographic provenance represented as follows: black circles: Cordillera de Mérida (Venezuela); red circles: Cordillera Oriental (Colombia); red triangles: Cordillera Central (Colombia); blue triangles: Ecuador. PC1 is a size axis in which larger specimens appear toward the right side of the axis, whereas PC2 represents differences in cranial proportions (Table 3).
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic tree of cytochrome-b sequences of Mazama from the northern Andes.
This is the best topology resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis. Nodal support is indicated at each node, except when the involved relationship received negligible support. Bootstrap values (from the maximum likelihood analysis) and posterior probabilities (from the Bayesian inference analysis) are indicated before and after the slash (“/”). Three topotypes (one M. “bricenii” and two M. rufina) are indicated with bold type (see detailed locality information in S1 File). The length of each sequence (number of base pairs, bp) is indicated at each terminal label. Asterisks denote sequences obtained from DNA extracted from museum specimens; all other sequences were downloaded from GenBank.
Fig 6.
Abiotically suitable areas for Mazama rufina as predicted by ecological niche modeling analyses.
In green are areas predicted to be suitable under current climate conditions (A, B) and during the Last Glacial Maximum (C, D). Dotted line in A circumscribes the region shown in the close up panels (B, D) and contains the Táchira Depression. Both sets of models indicate extensive suitable conditions in the area of the Táchira Depression, suggesting long term and continuous habitat connectivity between the Cordillera Oriental and Cordillera de Mérida. The Minimum Training Presence threshold of Maxent was used to convert continuous values of predicted suitability into a binary prediction, which classifies each pixel of the image (map) as suitable or unsuitable.