Table 1.
Review of previous RCTs assessing child cognitive development and music lessons.
Table 2.
Mean characteristics and pretest performance in Experiments 1 and 2.
Figure 1.
Mean test performance by group in Experiment 1.
Scores are reported as total percent correct. PPVT-IIIb scores are standardized by age and calculated as percent of the highest possible standard score. Error bars denote standard errors of the mean. **p<.01; *p<.05, one-tailed.
Table 3.
Mean posttest performance in Experiments 1 and 2.
Figure 2.
Mean test performance by group in Experiment 2.
Scores are reported as total percent correct. PPVT-IIIb scores are standardized by age and calculated as percent of the highest possible standard score. Error bars denote standard errors of the mean.
Figure 3.
Overall results, combining music and comparison/control groups.
Scores are reported as total percent correct. PPVT-IIIb scores are standardized by age and calculated as percent of the highest possible standard score. Error bars denote standard errors of the mean.