Figure 1.
Holotype locality of kH. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China, marked by ‘x’.
Figure 2.
Stratigraphy and geology of holotype locality of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China, marked by ‘x’.
Based on [19]–[21]. Abbreviations: Ar, Archean Jining Group; holo, holotype of H. allocotus; KHl, lower member of Upper Cretaceous Huiquanpu Formation; KHu, upper member of Upper Cretaceous Huiquanpu Formation; Ng, Neogene (?Miocene) Hanruoba Formation; Q, Quaternary sediments; para, former paratype humerus of H. allocotus (see text); Pt, Proterozoic rocks.
Figure 3.
Quarry map of holotype of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Abbreviations: cd, caudal vertebra(e); chev, chevrons; cru, crus; cv, cervical vertebrae; dori, dorsal rib(s); do, dorsal vertebra; il, ilium; L cor, left coracoid; L fe, left femur; L ish, left ischium; L pu, left pubis; L sca, left scapula; rad, radius; R cor, right coracoid; R fe, right femur; R ish, right ischium; R pu, right pubis; R sca, right scapula.
Table 1.
Measurements of the teeth of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. All measurements are in millimeters.
Figure 4.
Holotypic teeth of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Larger tooth in (A) occlusal, (B) basal (silhouette schematic); (C) mesial or distal, (D) labial, (E) mesial or distal, and (F) lingual views. Smaller tooth in (G) occlusal, (H) basal [silhouette schematic], (I), mesial or distal, (J) labial, (K) mesial or distal and (L) lingual views. Abbreviations: b, bump; ri, ridge; wf, wear facet.
Table 2.
Measurements of cervical vertebrae of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 5.
Holotypic middle cervical vertebra of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Taken during original preparation in (A) left lateral, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: ?cprl-f, possible centroprezygapophyseal lamina fossa; cvr, cervical rib; ?eprl, possible epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina; pn fo, pneumatic fossa; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pep, pre-epipophysis; sdf, spinodiapophyseal fossa. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 6.
Holotypic posterior cervical vertebra of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) anterior, (B), anterolateral, (C) left lateral, (D), posterior, and (E) ventrolateral views. (A), (D), and (E) were taken during original preparation; (B) and (C) photographed in 2012. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; ep, epipophyses; fo, subfossae within spinodiapophyseal fossa; met, metapophysis; pep, pre-epipophysis; prdl-f, prezygodiapophyseal lamina fossa; sdf, spinodiapophyseal fossa. Striped pattern indicates broken surface; dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 7.
Holotypic anterior dorsal neural arch of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) left lateral views with interpretive line drawings. Note that the post. spdl is broken dorsally in (B). Abbreviations: ant. spdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; cam, camellate internal pneumaticity exposed on broken surface; cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; cprl-f, centroprezygapophyseal lamina fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; ftd, flat-topped diapophysis; lprz, left prezygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; post. spdl, posterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; rdi, right diapophysis; rprz, right prezygapophysis; spdl-f, spinodiapophyseal lamina fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 8.
Holotypic anterior dorsal centrum of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) posterior and (B) dorsal views. Abbreviations: cmra, camerate internal pneumaticity exposed on broken surface. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 9.
Holotypic dorsal vertebra of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Photographs and line drawings of dorsal vertebra in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, and (C) right lateral views. (A–C) were taken during original preparation. Abbreviations: ?acpl, ?anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cam, camerate internal pneumaticity exposed on broken bone surface; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; hypa, accessory ventral articulation of hypantrum; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pneumatic foramen (pleurocoel) in centrum; ?sprl, ?spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tpol, ventral strut of intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 10.
Holotypic dorsal vertebra of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Photographs and line drawings of middle-posterior dorsal vertebra in (A), anterior, (B) posterior, (C), right lateral, and (D), dorsal views. Abbreviations: ant. spdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; atlp, anterior transverse lateral process; cam, camerate internal pneumaticity exposed on broken bone surface; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; fo, fossa; ?pcpl, ?posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; post. spdl, posterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; pl, pneumatic foramen (pleurocoel) in centrum; prsl, prespinal lamina. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 3.
Measurements of dorsal vertebrae of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 11.
Holotypic dorsal ribs of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Anterior dorsal rib in (A) lateral, (B) posterior; and (C) medial views. Posterior dorsal rib in (D) lateral, (E) posterior, and (F) medial views. (C) was taken during original preparation, all others were taken in 2012. Abbreviations: ca, capitulum; fl, flange; pn, pneumatic opening; tu, tuberculum. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 12.
Holotypic sacrum H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) right lateral, (B) right dorsolateral, (C) dorsal, and (D) dorsal views. (A–C) depict the sacrum during original preparation; (D) depicts the sacrum in 2012. Abbreviations: cd1–4, caudal vertebrae 1–4; do, dorsal vertebra; ftd, flat-topped diapophysis; pra, preacetabular process; s1–6, sacral vertebral neural spines 1–6. Dashed lines in (A–C) indicate broken bone margins; dashed lines in D indicate general locations of the last dorsal rib and the six sacral ribs.
Table 4.
Measurements of the sacrum of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001).
Figure 13.
Holotypic anterior caudal vertebrae of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) anterior; (B) posterior, and (C) left lateral views. First, second and sixth caudal vertebrae are depicted from left to right in each row. Lateral view of second caudal vertebra reversed. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; fo, fossa; lo, lobe; tu, tubercle; pocdf; postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; posdf, postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; posl, postspinal lamina; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prsl, prespinal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tu, tubercle. Striped pattern indicates broken surface; dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 14.
Holotypic middle caudal vertebrae of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) anterior; (B) posterior, (C) left lateral, (D) right lateral, (E) dorsal, and (F) ventral views. Ninth, eleventh, twelfth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth caudal vertebrae are depicted from left to right in each row. Abbreviations: cf, chevron facet; pocdf; postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; posdf, postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, ri, ridge. Striped pattern indicates broken surface; dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 15.
Holotypic posterior caudal vertebrae of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) anterior; (B) posterior, (C) left lateral, (D) right lateral, (E) dorsal, and (F) ventral views. Twentieth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth caudal vertebrae are depicted from left to right in each row. Abbreviations: cf, chevron facet; ncj, neurocentral junction; ri, ridge. Striped pattern indicates broken surface; dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 5.
Measurements of the caudal vertebrae of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 16.
Holotypic chevrons of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Photographed during original preparation in (A) lateral, (B) posterior; and (C) anterior views. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 6.
Measurements of the chevrons of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 17.
Holotypic scapulae of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Left scapula in (A) lateral view; right scapula in (B) lateral and (C) medial views. Silhouette next to (B) shows schematic cross section of base of scapular blade. (A) and (B) photographed in 2012; (C) photographed during original preparation. Abbreviations: af, acromial fossa; con, concavity, gl, glenoid. Striped pattern indicates broken surface; dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 7.
Measurements of the pectoral girdle and forelimb elements of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 18.
Holotypic coracoids of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Left coracoid in (A) posterodorsal, (B) medial, and (D) lateral views. Right coracoid in (C) medial and (E) lateral views. (A), (B), and (D) photographed in 2012; (C) and (E) photographed during original preparation. Abbreviations: gl, glenoid; igl, infraglenoid lip; tu, tubercle. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 19.
Holotypic left radius of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) proximal, (B) anterior, (C) lateral, and (D) posterior views. Silhouette between (C) and (D) shows schematic cross section of the diaphysis. (A) photographed in 2012; (B–D) photographed during original preparation. Abbreviations: gl, glenoid; igl, infraglenoid lip; tu, tubercle. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 20.
Holotypic pubes and ischia of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Left pubis in (A) medial view. Right pubis and ischium in (B) lateral view (only loosely articulated to depict their size relative to one another). Articulated ischia in (C) posterodorsal view. Outlines below ischia indicate articulated view of distal ends. (A and the ischium in B) photographed in 2012; (C and the pubis in B) photographed during original preparation. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; tu, tuberosity. Dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 8.
Measurements of the pelvic girdle elements of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 21.
Holotypic left femur of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Photographed during original preparation in (A) posterior, (B) medial, (C) anterior, and (D) distal views. Silhouette between (B) and (C) shows schematic cross section of the diaphysis. Abbreviations: fic, fibular condyle; ftr, fourth trochanter; tic, tibial condyle. Striped pattern indicates broken surface, dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 9.
Measurements of the hindlimb elements of Huabeisaurus allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of China.
Figure 22.
Holotypic left tibia of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) lateral view during original preparation, (B) medial view during preparation, (C) lateral view in 2012, (D) medial view in 2012, (F) anterior view in 2012, (G) posterior view in 2012. Twisting arrow indicates that the tibia has been incorrectly restored (views C–D) by ‘twisting’ (breaking and re-gluing/plastering) since original preparation. Abbreviations: ccr, cnemial crest. Striped pattern indicates broken surface, dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 23.
Holotypic left fibula of H. allocotus (HBV-20001) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
In (A) proximal, (B) anterior, (C) lateral, (D) posterior, and (E) medial views. Silhouette between (D) and (E) shows schematic cross section of the diaphysis. Abbreviations: lt, lateral trochanter; ppr, posterior process. Striped pattern indicates broken surface, dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Figure 24.
Isolated right humerus (HBV-20002) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi, China.
Photographed during original preparation in (A) anterior, (B) medial, (C) posterior, and (D) distal views. This bone was formerly regarded as the paratype of H. allocotus. Silhouette between (A) and (B) shows schematic cross section of the diaphysis. Abbreviations: rac, radial condyle; ri, ridge. Striped pattern indicates broken surface, dashed lines indicate broken bone margins.
Table 10.
Measurements of the left humerus (HBV-20002) from the Upper Cretaceous of China previously referred to as the paratype of Huabeisaurus allocotus.
Figure 25.
Tibia to femur ratio in sauropods.
Linear regression (solid black line) and 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines) are shown, as well as pGLS line (red dashed line). Note that Huabeisaurus has an unusually high tibia to femur ratio, only approached by some distantly related diplodocines.
Figure 26.
Crown slenderness index versus number of genera known from teeth in Sauropodomorpha and derived clades.
The mean (white circle), standard deviation (tick mark) and range (horizontal line) of tooth breadth for each clade is indicated (log10 Sauropodomorpha slenderness index range extends towards zero as indicated by the arrow). Sketches of tooth crowns (from left to right, Euhelopus, Huabeisaurus, Phuwiangosaurus) and red field depict the wide range of crown shapes in Euhelopodidae compared to other derived sauropod clades.