Figure 1.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Ostreopsis inferred from D8/D10 sequence aligned with ClustalW.
Tree is rooted with Coolia as outgroup but pruned for simplify. See Fig. S1 for original topology. Major clades found in Japanese coast are particularly noted as clade A–D, and their subclades are also indicated (e.g. A-1, A-2). Nodes with strong supports (bt/pp) are shown as thick lines. Sequences shared with more than one clone has been removed for phylogenetic analysis leaving 1 sequence as a representative of a ribotype. *Ribotype containing many clones are separately displayed at left hand. **Clone (currently being) used for various experiments.
Figure 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Ostreopsis inferred from ITS sequence aligned with MAFFT.
Major clades found in Japanese coast are particularly noted as clade A–D. Geographic origins of O. cf. ovata clone are indicated. Sequences of bold clone are obtained in this study. Note tree is unrooted but displayed as rooted fashion. See caption in Fig. 1 for detail and Fig. S2 for original topology.
Table 1.
Details of the datasets for phylogenetic analyses.
Figure 3.
Comparison of genetic heterogeneity in Ostreopsis between D8/D10 and ITS.
GC content of each sequence is shown with ML topologies taken from Figs. 1 and 2, which are condensed with cut-off value 50% by MEGA4. Box plot indicates minimum and maximum (horizontal bar), average (median vertical bar in box) and standard deviation above and below mean of the data (box width).
Table 2.
Estimates of evolutionary divergence over D8–D10 (top, ClustalW alignment) and ITS (bottom, MAFFT alignment) among and within clades of Ostreopsis.
Figure 4.
Geographic distributions of Ostreopsis plotted on world map.
Pie chart illustrates species composition of each sample, in that total number of clones is indicated. Sample name is given below pie chart. Each color corresponds to a clade in phylogenetic trees in Figs. 1 and 2, i.e. red: O. cf. ovata, blue: Ostreopsis sp. 1, brown: Ostreopsis sp. 2, black: O. cf. siamensis, orange: Ostreopsis sp. 4, green: Ostreopsis sp. 5, purple: Ostreopsis sp. 6.
Figure 5.
Geographic distributions of Ostreopsis plotted on map showing middle-southern part of Japan.
Enlargement of a part enclosed by an open square in Fig. 4. See caption in Fig. 4 for more detail. For series of samples collected multiple times at a same site, breakdown of each sample is shown in small pies that are summarized in large one. Each island is marked as A: Honshu (main isl.), B: Shikoku, C: Kyushu, D: Hachijojima, E: Okinawa (main isl.), F: Ishigaki, Kohama and Iriomote (from right to left).
Figure 6.
Comparison of Ostreopsis occurrence and water temperature.
Absolute number (top) and relative abundance (bottom) of cells. Each color corresponds to a clade in phylogenetic trees in Figs. 1 and 2, i.e. red: O. cf. ovata, blue: Ostreopsis sp. 1, brown: Ostreopsis sp. 2, black: O. cf. siamensis, orange: Ostreopsis sp. 4, green: Ostreopsis sp. 5, purple: Ostreopsis sp. 6.
Table 3.
Results of mouse bioassay (injection) for Ostreopsis clades.
Figure 7.
Morphology of Ostreopsis sp. 1 with LM (A, B), LM-epifluorescence (C, D), SEM (E–J) or line illustration (K, L).
A: Living cell. B: Side view of living cell. C: Epithecal view. D: Hypothecal view. E: Epithecal view. F: Detail of ventral area from side view, showing ventral pore (Vp). G: Detail of ventral area from hypothecal view. H: Detail of ventral area from hypothecal view, showing Vp structure and associated 2″″ plate. I: Enlarged view of short, slightly curved pore plate (Po). J: Detail of cell surface, showing thecal pores. K: Epithecal view. L: Hypotheal view. Same magnification in A–D. Scale = 10 µm (A, E) or 1 µm (F–J).
Table 4.
Cell dimensions (µm) of Ostreopsis.