Table 1.
Some examples of paternal leakage in the literature.
Table 2.
Number of crosses showing amplification of maternal and paternal haplotypes.*
Figure 1.
Example of -decim×-cassini hybrid PCR product in 2% agarose gel stained with Sybrsafe.
First column: primer specific to maternal mtDNA; Lanes 1-5: -decim F×-cassini M; Lane 6: -decim M×-cassini F; Lane 7: Maternal species DNA; Lane 8: 100 bp Ladder; Lane 9: Paternal species DNA; Lane 10: H20 negative control (No DNA); Second column: primer specific to paternal mtDNA. Lanes 1-5: -decim F×-cassini M; Lane 6: -decim M×-cassini F; Lane 7: Paternal species DNA; Lane 8: Ladder; Lane 9: Maternal species DNA; Lane 10: H20 negative control (No DNA). Lanes 4-6 show paternal leakage.
Figure 2.
Example of -decim×–decula hybrid PCR product in 2% agarose gel stained with Sybrsafe.
First column: primer specific to maternal mtDNA; Lanes 1-5: -decim F×-decula M; Lane 6: -decim M×-decula F; Lane 7: Maternal species DNA; Lane 8: Ladder; Lane 9: Paternal species DNA; Lane 10: H20 negative control (No DNA); Second column: primer specific to paternal mtDNA. Lanes 1-5: -decim F×-decula M; Lane 6: -decim M×-decula F; Lane 7: Paternal species DNA; Lane 8: Ladder; Lane 9: Maternal species DNA; Lane 10: H20 negative control (No DNA). Lanes 4-6 show paternal leakage.
Figure 3.
Research organisms and experimental set up.
(A) Magicicada septendecim female (Brood X), (B) Magicicada cassini female (Brood X), (C) Magicicada septendecula male (Brood IX). Photographs in Figs. 3–7 by C. Simon.
Figure 4.
Courtship and mating in periodical cicadas.
(A) A pair of M. septendecim courting inside a screen mesh cage, (B) A pair of M. septendecim mating (Brood IX), (C) A M. septendecim female/M. cassini male mating pair.
Figure 5.
M. cassini female ovipositing; note additional eggnest scars on twig.
Figure 6.
(A) Three Magicicada eggs removed from an eggnest, (B) A first instar Magicicada nymph.
Figure 7.
K. Fontaine inspecting a mating cage for mating pairs.
Table 3.
Periodical cicada collection sites.
Table 4.
Percentage of caged females that mated for each cross in the 2003 Brood IX and 2004 Brood X experiments.*
Table 5.
Species-specific primer sequences*.
Figure 8.
Dilution test with different volume ratios of experimentally mixed -decim:-cassini DNA in a 2% agarose gel stained with Sybrsafe.
First column: Amplification with -decim-specific primers 2287/2712; Second column: Amplification with -cassini-specific primers 2287/2712. The less abundant mtDNA type was revealed using species-specific primers. Ladder is a 100 bp ladder with 1000 bp band on left.
Figure 9.
Dilution test with different volume ratios of experimentally mixed -decim:-decula in a 2% agarose gel stained with Sybrsafe.
First column: Amplification with -decim-specific primers 2607/2787; Second column: Amplification with -decula-specific primers 2607/2787. The less abundant mtDNA type was revealed using species-specific primers. Ladder is a 100 bp ladder with 1000 bp band on left.