Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies

• Matthew J. Page ,

  * E-mail: matthew.page@monash.edu

  Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

  ⨯
• Julian P. T. Higgins,

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Gemma Clayton,

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Jonathan A. C. Sterne,

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Asbjørn Hróbjartsson,

  Affiliation Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

  ⨯
• Jelena Savović

  Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯