Estimation of Instantaneous Complex Dynamics through Lyapunov Exponents: A Study on Heartbeat Dynamics

• Gaetano Valenza ,

  * E-mail: g.valenza@ieee.org

  Affiliations Neuroscience Statistics Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; and Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Research Center E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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• Luca Citi,

  Affiliations Neuroscience Statistics Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; and Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom

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• Riccardo Barbieri

  Affiliation Neuroscience Statistics Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; and Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

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