Differential Roles of Hyperglycemia and Hypoinsulinemia in Diabetes Induced Retinal Cell Death: Evidence for Retinal Insulin Resistance

• Patrice E. Fort ,

  * E-mail: patricef@umich.edu

  Affiliation Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Mandy K. Losiewicz,

  Affiliation Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Chad E. N. Reiter,

  Current address: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

  Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Ravi S. J. Singh,

  Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Makoto Nakamura,

  Current address: Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

  Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Steven F. Abcouwer,

  Affiliation Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Alistair J. Barber,

  Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Thomas W. Gardner

  Affiliation Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯