Smoking Is Associated with, but Does Not Cause, Depressed Mood in Pregnancy – A Mendelian Randomization Study

• Sarah J. Lewis ,

  * E-mail: S.J.Lewis@bristol.ac.uk

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Ricardo Araya,

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• George Davey Smith,

  Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Rachel Freathy,

  Affiliations MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

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• David Gunnell,

  Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Tom Palmer,

  Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Marcus Munafò

  Affiliation School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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