About the Authors

Michael F. Schober

Contributed equally to this work with: Michael F. Schober, Frederick G. Conrad

schober@newschool.edu

‡ These authors are joint senior authors.

Affiliation Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York, New York, United States of America

Frederick G. Conrad

Contributed equally to this work with: Michael F. Schober, Frederick G. Conrad

‡ These authors are joint senior authors.

Affiliations Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Christopher Antoun

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Patrick Ehlen

Affiliation Loop AI Labs, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Stefanie Fail

Affiliation Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York, New York, United States of America

Andrew L. Hupp

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Michael Johnston

Affiliation Interactions, New York, New York, United States of America

Lucas Vickers

Affiliation Design & Technology, Parsons School of Design, The New School, New York, New York, United States of America

H. Yanna Yan

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Chan Zhang

Affiliation Media and Public Opinion Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Competing Interests

At the time of the planning, execution and analyses for this study, PE and MJ were employees of AT&T Labs Research. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MFS FGC PE MJ. Performed the experiments: CA ALH LV HY CZ. Analyzed the data: MFS FGC CA PE ALH MJ HY CZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PE SF MJ LV. Wrote the paper: MFS FGC CA PE ALH MJ HY CZ. Designed the interviewing system and case management software: LV, with consultation from PE MJ and ALH.